Driving Towards Car-Independent Neighborhoods in Europe: A Typology and Systematic Literature Review

Car-independent neighborhoods can be seen as a planning strategy for overcoming car dependency and achieving urban sustainability goals. This implies structural psychological independency of people, which manifests itself into positive attitudes perceptions towards sustainable mobility, acceptance corresponding measures, shift from private cars to active transport, public sharing modes. Despite their relevance, knowledge regarding the actual implications various existing strategies remains scarce. gap is addressed in this literature review, aims to: (a) identify types implemented car-independent neighborhood policies; (b) explore rationales, main characteristics, mobility behavior, factors, perceptions, acceptance; (c) investigate how they have been evaluated. Existing implementations Europe divided four types: central areas, residential developments, citywide implementations, temporary interventions, differ rationales scope. Overall, little research was found on topic, with most studies focusing newly built compared other types. There evidence impacts behavior relevant use cases. However, it often unclear whether causality or correlation due absence comprehensive (longitudinal) evaluations. Less known factors interplay behavior. For future research, recommended evaluate interventions beyond developments through long-term observation attitudinal behavioral changes.